“具身智能技術發展與產業應用”是國鴻智庫研究的未來產業課題。我們意通過政策研讀、企業調研、行業研究、技術研討、資本對接等一系列工作，演繹成系列專題文章對行業進行拆解和解讀，以抽絲剝繭的方式以“MECE（相互獨立，完全窮盡）”的理念盡量對“具身智能產業政策、產業鏈圖譜、產業關鍵成功要素、具身智能技術應用、具身智能場景落地、具身智能發展趨勢、具身智能龍頭企業發展、具身智能產業投融資”等一系列主題進行深入地探究。

　　The development and industrial application of embodied intelligence technology "is a future industry topic that Guohong Think Tank focuses on researching. We intend to deconstruct and interpret the industry through a series of work such as policy research, enterprise investigation, industry research, technology seminars, and capital docking, and use the concept of "MECE (mutually independent, completely exhaustive)" to explore in-depth topics such as "embodied intelligence industry policies, industry chain maps, key success factors of industries, embodied intelligence technology applications, embodied intelligence scene implementation, embodied intelligence development trends, embodied intelligence leading enterprise development, embodied intelligence industry investment and financing".

　　“具身智能技術發展與產業應用”研究需要搭建生態平臺開展綜合研究。2025年作為具身智能發展元年，開啟了產業化發展的序幕，但行業發展需要政策、技術、資本、人才等多維要素的驅動，同時也存在諸多新興產業發展面臨的系列問題，尤其是技術發展和產業應用需要重大突破。我們將發布系列主題文章，還會陸續舉辦具身智能技術發展研討會、行業應用研討會、場景應用推介會、產業鏈投融資對接會、場景應用展會、具身智能研修培訓等系列活動，為該研究搭建開放平臺，構建研究生態！

　　The research on the development and industrial application of embodied intelligence technology requires the establishment of an ecological platform for comprehensive research. As the first year of embodied intelligence development, 2025 marks the beginning of industrialization. However, industry development requires multidimensional factors such as policies, technology, capital, and talent to drive it. At the same time, there are also a series of problems faced by emerging industries, especially the need for significant breakthroughs in technological development and industrial applications. We will publish a series of themed articles and hold various activities such as seminars on the development of embodied intelligence technology, industry application seminars, scenario application promotion conferences, industry chain investment and financing docking conferences, scenario application exhibitions, embodied intelligence training, etc., to build an open platform and research ecosystem for this research!

　　決定機器人性能的“隱形”——絲杠

　　The 'invisible king' that determines robot performance - screw

　　引言：具身智能時代的硬件突圍

　　Introduction: Hardware Breakthrough in the Era of embodied intelligence

　　在人工智能發展進程中，大模型不斷提升機器的認知與決策能力，而具身智能則讓機器人具備與現實環境交互的能力，其中人形機器人是重要方向之一。制約機器人從實驗環境邁向真實應用的，不僅是算法與控制系統，還包括精密的機電結構與關鍵執行部件。在機器人復雜的動力鏈條中，絲杠承擔著傳遞驅動力、支撐高負載動作的核心任務，是決定機器人能否穩定行走、完成起落與操控的關鍵部件。

　　In the development process of artificial intelligence, large models continuously enhance the cognitive and decision-making abilities of machines, while embodied intelligence enables robots to interact with the real environment, among which humanoid robots are one of the important directions. The constraints for robots to move from experimental environments to real applications are not only algorithms and control systems, but also precise electromechanical structures and key execution components. In the complex power chain of robots, the screw undertakes the core task of transmitting driving force and supporting high load actions, and is a key component that determines whether the robot can walk stably, complete takeoff and landing, and control.

　　核心概念拆解：力傳遞鏈中的“阿喀琉斯之踵”

　　Core concept breakdown: The Achilles' heel in the force transmission chain

　　1.機器人的“肌腱”如果把電機比作心臟，計算機比作大腦，那么絲杠就是機器人的“肌腱”。它負責將電機的高速旋轉轉化為關節的大推力直線運動。

　　If the motor is compared to the heart and the computer is compared to the brain, then the screw is the "tendon" of the robot. It is responsible for converting the high-speed rotation of the motor into high thrust linear motion of the joints.

　　圖1：機器人力傳遞鏈解剖圖2.拒絕“點頭”：剛度的奧義當特斯拉 Optimus 嘗試單腿站立時，膝關節承受巨大壓力。如果絲杠軸向剛度不足，就會像彈簧一樣被壓縮，導致小腿動作滯后于電機指令，產生“受力點頭”甚跌倒。高端絲杠必須保證“力隨意動”。

　　Figure 1: Anatomy of the robot human transmission chain. 2. Refusing to nod: The mystery of stiffness. When Tesla Optimus attempts to stand on one leg, the knee joint is under tremendous pressure. If the axial stiffness of the screw is insufficient, it will be compressed like a spring, causing the calf movement to lag behind the motor command, resulting in "force nodding" or even falling. High end lead screws must ensure 'force follows intention'.

　　3.背隙與死區螺母與絲桿間的微小縫隙叫“背隙”。在關節換向瞬間（如伸腿變收腿），背隙會導致電機空轉，形成控制“死區”，引發撞擊和磨損。背隙需要極高精度的預緊力控制。

　　3. The small gap between the back clearance and dead zone nut and the screw is called the "back clearance". At the moment of joint reversal (such as leg extension to leg retraction), the backlash can cause the motor to idle, forming a control "dead zone" that can cause impact and wear. Eliminating backlash requires extremely precise preload control.

　　技術路線：從性價比到高性能

　　Technical roadmap: From cost-effectiveness to high performance

　　并非所有關節都需要配置，工程師需要在成本與性能間做選擇題。圖2：三種絲杠結構對比透視圖表1：主流絲杠技術路線對比

　　Not all joints require top-level configuration, engineers need to choose between cost and performance. Figure 2: Comparison of Three Screw Structures Perspective Chart 1: Comparison of Mainstream Screw Technology Routes

　　制造鴻溝：從“能做”到“做好”

　　Creating a Gap: From 'Being Able to Do' to 'Doing Well'

　　國產絲杠的樣品性能已與海外產品相差無幾，但在量產一致性與使用壽命上與海外產品相比仍有明顯差距。這背后是基礎工業的較量。

　　The sample performance of domestically produced lead screws is almost the same as that of overseas products, but there is still a significant gap in mass production consistency and service life compared to overseas products. Behind this is the competition of basic industries.

　　1. 材料純凈度的戰爭高端絲杠的壽命取決于鋼材。海外巨頭使用經過真空感答應熔煉+真空自耗重熔 (VIM+VAR)的鋼材，氧含量極低（<5ppm），通過控制非金屬夾雜物來防止疲勞剝落。

　　The lifespan of high-end screw rods in terms of material purity depends on the steel used. Overseas giants use steel that has undergone vacuum induction melting and vacuum self consumption remelting (VIM+VAR), with extremely low oxygen content (<5ppm), to prevent fatigue spalling by controlling non-metallic inclusions.

　　表2：普通鋼材與高純凈軸承鋼對比2.隱形殺手：磨削燒傷為了追求產量加快磨削速度，會導致工件表面瞬時高溫，發生肉眼不可見的“燒傷”（金相組織轉變），使壽命指數級下降。國外已普及巴克豪森噪聲無損檢測，而國內部分廠商仍缺乏這種全檢手段。

　　Table 2: Comparison between ordinary steel and high-purity bearing steel. 2. Invisible killer: Grinding burn. In order to pursue production and accelerate grinding speed, it will cause instantaneous high temperature on the surface of the workpiece, resulting in invisible "burns" (metallographic structure transformation) and a decrease in life index. Barkhausen noise non-destructive testing has been popularized abroad, but some domestic manufacturers still lack this comprehensive testing method.

　　3.工藝路線之爭精密磨削：精度，但效率低、成本高，易燒傷。硬旋銑：新興工藝，效率高，更，正成為量產主流。冷滾壓：成本，但精度難控制，模具挑戰大。

　　3. Debate over process routes: Precision grinding has the highest accuracy, but low efficiency, high cost, and is prone to burns. Hard rotary milling: an emerging technology with high efficiency and environmental friendliness, is becoming the mainstream of mass production. Cold rolling: The lowest cost, but difficult to control accuracy, and the mold challenge is great.

　　市場格局：海外護城河與突圍

　　Market pattern: Overseas moat and China's breakthrough

　　1.海外巨頭的壁壘2024年全球市場約1.20億美元，預計2031年增4.07億美元，年復合增長率約20%。前五大企業瑞士的Rollvis、GSA，瑞典的Ewellix、美國的Moog合計約占57.7%。

　　1. The barriers of overseas giants: The global market is expected to reach approximately $120 million in 2024, and is expected to increase to $407 million in 2031, with a compound annual growth rate of about 20%. The top five companies, Rollvis and GSA from Switzerland, Ewellix from Sweden, and Moog from the United States, together account for approximately 57.7%.

　　表3：國際頭部絲杠企業信息來源：網路信息總結這些企業能夠穩居金字塔頂端，關鍵在于其掌握精密研磨制造能力、規格覆蓋、長期服務航天/國防/機器人等高門檻應用，并憑借信譽與全球供應鏈優勢形成難以替代的結構性壁壘。

　　Table 3: Information sources of international leading screw companies: Summary of online information. These companies are able to maintain their position at the top of the pyramid due to their mastery of precision grinding manufacturing capabilities, comprehensive specification coverage, long-term service for high threshold applications such as aerospace/defense/robotics, and the formation of irreplaceable structural barriers with brand reputation and global supply chain advantages.

　　2.路徑與玩家盤點國內廠商正通過“全產業鏈協同”進行突圍，利用從鋼材到磨床的本土優勢降低成本。

　　2. China's Path and Player Inventory: Domestic manufacturers are breaking through through through "full industry chain collaboration" and utilizing their local advantages from steel to grinding machines to reduce costs.

　　表4：國內絲杠核心企業與現狀信息來源：網路信息總結

　　Table 4: Core domestic screw enterprises and current situation Information source: Summary of online information

　　3.追趕策略：數據閉環縮短差距的捷徑是與頭部機器人廠商建立“聯合實驗室”。利用主機廠的整機測試數據反哺零部件設計，形成“使用-失效-分析-改進”的數據閉環。

　　3. Catch up strategy: The only shortcut to narrowing the gap in data closed-loop is to establish a "joint laboratory" with leading robot manufacturers. Utilize the testing data of the host factory to feedback the design of components, forming a data loop of "use failure analysis improvement".

　　結語：從奢侈品到工業消費品

　　Conclusion: From luxury goods to industrial consumer goods

　　行星滾柱絲杠，這個曾經只在航天領域使用的“奢侈品”，必須走下神壇，成為像軸承一樣的高標準、低成本“工業消費品”。對于 Rollvis 等國際巨頭這是挑戰，對于五洲新春、北特科技等企業則是千載難逢的機遇。誰能率先解決“低成本量產”與“高可靠性”的矛盾，誰就掌握了通往具身智能時代的入場券。

　　The planetary roller screw, once only used in the aerospace industry as a luxury item, must step down from its pedestal and become a high standard, low-cost "industrial consumer product" like bearings. For international giants like Rollvis, this is a challenge, while for Chinese companies like Wuzhou Xinchun and Beite Technology, it is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. Whoever can first solve the contradiction between "low-cost mass production" and "high reliability" holds the ticket to the era of embodied intelligence.