絲杠的制作需經多道精密工序，從原材料到非常終檢驗，每步都影響其精度與壽命，需結合使用場景嚴格把控。

　　The production of lead screws requires multiple precision processes, from raw materials to final inspection, each step affecting its accuracy and lifespan, and must be strictly controlled in conjunction with the usage scenario.

　　原材料選擇與預處理是基礎。常用 45 號鋼、40Cr 合金結構鋼，高精度絲杠用 GCr15 軸承鋼（含碳 0.42%-0.50%），經熱處理后硬度達 HRC58-62。原材料為圓鋼棒，直徑比成品大 5-10mm，表面無缺陷，磁粉探傷檢測內部雜質。預處理需退火：820-860℃加熱 2-3 小時后緩冷，硬度降至≤229HB，改善切削性能防崩刀。

　　The selection and pretreatment of raw materials are the foundation. 45 # steel and 40Cr alloy structural steel are commonly used, and GCr15 bearing steel (containing 0.42% -0.50% carbon) is used for high-precision lead screws. After heat treatment, the hardness reaches HRC58-62. The raw material is round steel rod, with a diameter 5-10mm larger than the finished product, and there are no surface defects. Magnetic particle inspection is used to detect internal impurities. Pre treatment requires annealing: Heat at 820-860 ℃ for 2-3 hours and then cool slowly to reduce hardness to ≤ 229HB, improving cutting performance and preventing tool breakage.

　　粗加工塑造基本形態。下料用鋸床切割，長度比成品長 10-20mm，切口垂直度偏差≤0.5mm/m 防偏心。車削外圓時，車出軸頸、退刀槽，留 2-3mm 精加工余量，表面粗糙度 Ra3.2μm 以下。長絲杠（＞1m）用跟刀架輔助，控制徑向圓跳動≤0.1mm。粗加工后時效處理：120-150℃保溫 4-6 小時，消除應力防變形。

　　Rough machining shapes the basic form. Cut the material with a sawing machine, with a length 10-20mm longer than the finished product, and the vertical deviation of the cut should be ≤ 0.5mm/m to prevent eccentricity. When turning the outer circle, the journal and tool groove should be machined out, leaving a 2-3mm precision machining allowance and a surface roughness of Ra3.2 μ m or less. Long filament bars (>1m) are assisted by a trailing tool holder to control radial circular runout ≤ 0.1mm. After rough machining, aging treatment is carried out at 120-150 ℃ for 4-6 hours to eliminate stress and prevent deformation.

　　螺紋加工是核心工序。普通精度絲杠（C 級）用螺紋車床車削，高速鋼螺紋刀進給 0.1-0.3mm/r，多次走刀（每次切深 0.1-0.2mm），保證牙型清晰。高精度絲杠（C3 級）用螺紋磨床磨削，白剛玉砂輪（60-80 目）配合乳化液冷卻，中徑公差 0.01-0.03mm，導程誤差≤0.02mm/300mm。滾珠絲杠需加工循環槽，與滾珠間隙 0.01-0.02mm，專用刀具加工使槽面 Ra0.8μm 以下。

　　Thread machining is the core process. Ordinary precision screw (Class C) is turned with a thread lathe, and the feed rate of the high-speed steel thread cutter is 0.1-0.3mm/r, with multiple passes (each cutting depth is 0.1-0.2mm) to ensure clear tooth profile. High precision screw (C3 grade) is ground using a thread grinder, with white corundum grinding wheel (60-80 mesh) and emulsion cooling. The diameter tolerance is 0.01-0.03mm, and the lead error is ≤ 0.02mm/300mm. The ball screw needs to be processed with a circulating groove, with a clearance of 0.01-0.02mm between the ball and the groove surface. Special cutting tools should be used to process the groove surface with a Ra0.8 μ m or less.

　　熱處理強化性能。螺紋加工后淬火：830-860℃加熱 1-2 小時油冷，表層 HRC55-60，心部 HRC30-40。隨即低溫回火：150-200℃保溫 2-4 小時，消除應力穩組織。高耐磨性絲杠（如注塑機用）進行氮化處理：500-560℃通氨氣，形成 0.1-0.3mm 氮化層，硬度 HV800-1000。熱處理后檢查變形，彎曲超差（直線度＞0.1mm/m）用壓力機校直。

　　Heat treatment enhances performance. Quenching after thread processing: Heat at 830-860 ℃ for 1-2 hours and oil cool, with a surface HRC55-60 and a core HRC30-40. Immediately low-temperature tempering: maintain at 150-200 ℃ for 2-4 hours to eliminate stress and stabilize the structure. Nitriding treatment of high wear resistant lead screws (such as those used in injection molding machines): passing ammonia gas at 500-560 ℃ to form a 0.1-0.3mm nitride layer with a hardness of HV800-1000. After heat treatment, check for deformation and straighten with a press if the bending exceeds the tolerance (straightness>0.1mm/m).

　　精加工與檢驗保障質量。精密磨削外圓至 IT6-IT7 級公差，修正螺紋誤差，保證螺紋與外圓同軸度≤0.02mm。軸頸磨削至配合要求（過盈量 0.005-0.01mm），軸肩端面跳動≤0.01mm。檢驗用螺紋千分尺、導程儀等，測中徑、導程誤差及粗糙度（Ra≤1.6μm），重要絲杠需動態測試。合格絲杠清洗后涂防銹油，套塑料保護套防磕碰。

　　Precision machining and inspection ensure quality. Precision grinding of the outer circle to IT6-IT7 tolerance, correction of thread errors, ensuring that the coaxiality between the thread and the outer circle is ≤ 0.02mm. Grinding of the shaft neck to fit requirements (interference fit 0.005-0.0mm), and shaft shoulder end face runout ≤ 0.01mm. Inspection uses thread micrometers, lead gauges, etc. to measure the pitch diameter, lead error, and roughness (Ra ≤ 1.6 μ m), and important lead screws require dynamic testing. After cleaning the qualified screw, apply anti rust oil and cover it with a plastic protective sleeve to prevent collision.

　　不同絲杠制作有差異：梯形絲杠重牙型對稱，滾珠絲杠重滾珠槽精度，微型絲杠（＜10mm）用高精度夾具（定位誤差≤0.005mm）防振。制作需在 20±2℃恒溫車間進行，減少溫度對精度的影響，確保滿足機械傳動需求。

　　There are differences in the production of different lead screws: trapezoidal lead screws have symmetrical heavy tooth profiles, ball screws have precision in heavy ball grooves, and micro lead screws (<10mm) use high-precision fixtures (positioning error ≤ 0.005mm) to prevent vibration. The production needs to be carried out in a constant temperature workshop at 20 ± 2 ℃ to reduce the impact of temperature on accuracy and ensure that mechanical transmission requirements are met.

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