絲杠導(dǎo)軌：精密機(jī)械中常用傳動(dòng)部件  絲杠導(dǎo)軌為核心傳動(dòng)部件，直接影響設(shè)備精度和穩(wěn)定性

　　Lead screw guide: The most commonly used transmission component in precision machinery is the lead screw guide, which is the core transmission component and directly affects the accuracy and stability of the equipment

　　滾珠絲杠是將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換成線性運(yùn)動(dòng)的理想傳動(dòng)裝置，主要由絲杠軸、螺母、滾 珠以及循環(huán)部件組成。絲杠軸、螺母和端蓋 (一類滾珠循環(huán)部件，此處以“端蓋式循環(huán)” 為例解釋滾珠絲杠傳動(dòng)原理) 上都制有圓弧形螺旋槽，將它們套裝在一起時(shí)，這些槽對(duì) 合起來就形成了螺旋通道，滾珠能夠在通道內(nèi)循環(huán)滾動(dòng)。當(dāng)絲杠相對(duì)于螺母旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，滾 珠在滾道內(nèi)自轉(zhuǎn)，同時(shí)又在封閉的滾道內(nèi)循環(huán)運(yùn)動(dòng)，使絲杠和螺母相對(duì)產(chǎn)生軸向運(yùn)動(dòng)。滾珠絲杠主要可分為內(nèi)循環(huán)和外循環(huán)兩大類，外循環(huán)中又可再分為端部導(dǎo)流、管循 環(huán)和端蓋式。外循環(huán)式滾珠絲杠運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，部分滾珠與絲杠不接觸，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)為工藝簡單且 易于制造，而缺點(diǎn)為效率較低；內(nèi)循環(huán)式滾珠絲杠運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，滾珠始終與絲杠接觸，適用 于高速高敏高剛度場景，但缺點(diǎn)為加工困難。

　　Ball screw is an ideal transmission device that converts rotational motion into linear motion, mainly composed of a screw shaft, nut, ball, and circulating components. The screw shaft, nut, and end cap (a type of ball screw circulation component, here taking the "end cap circulation" as an example to explain the principle of ball screw transmission) are all made with circular arc-shaped spiral grooves. When they are fitted together, these grooves match to form a spiral channel, and the ball can circulate and roll in the channel. When the screw rotates relative to the nut, the ball rotates on its own in the raceway, while also circulating in the closed raceway, causing axial motion between the screw and nut. Ball screws can be mainly divided into two categories: internal circulation and external circulation. External circulation can be further divided into end guide, tube circulation, and end cap type. When the external circulation ball screw moves, some of the balls do not come into contact with the screw, which has the advantages of simple process and easy manufacturing, but the disadvantage is low efficiency; When the internal circulation ball screw moves, the ball is always in contact with the screw, which is suitable for high-speed, high-sensitivity, and high stiffness scenarios, but the disadvantage is that it is difficult to process.

　　相較普通滑動(dòng)絲杠，滾珠絲杠使用滾珠傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)，具有傳動(dòng)效率高、定位精度高和 傳動(dòng)剛度大等明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。滑動(dòng)絲杠的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、加工方便、成本低和能自鎖， 缺點(diǎn)是摩擦阻力大，易磨損，傳動(dòng)效率低。目前已逐步被滾珠絲杠所替代，但在部分需 要自鎖功能和對(duì)精度傳動(dòng)效率要求不高的場景仍有應(yīng)用。

　　Compared to ordinary sliding screws, ball screws use ball bearings to transmit motion, which has obvious advantages such as high transmission efficiency, high positioning accuracy, and high transmission stiffness. The advantages of sliding screw are simple structure, easy processing, low cost, and self-locking ability. The disadvantages are high frictional resistance, easy wear, and low transmission efficiency. At present, it has gradually been replaced by ball screws, but it still has applications in some scenarios that require self-locking function and low precision transmission efficiency requirements.

　　導(dǎo)軌副實(shí)現(xiàn)支撐和機(jī)械導(dǎo)向作用，主要由導(dǎo)軌和滑座組成。導(dǎo)軌副，簡稱導(dǎo)軌。一 副導(dǎo)軌主要由兩部分組成：在工作時(shí)固定不動(dòng)，起到支撐作用的部分稱為支承導(dǎo)軌 (或 導(dǎo)軌)；另一個(gè)相對(duì)支承導(dǎo)軌作直線或回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，起到機(jī)械導(dǎo)向作用的部分稱為滑座。常 用導(dǎo)軌種類包括一般滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌、滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌、流體介質(zhì)摩擦導(dǎo)軌等，其中滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌摩擦系 數(shù)小，故運(yùn)動(dòng)靈敏且定位精度高。

　　The guide rail pair provides support and mechanical guidance, mainly composed of guide rails and sliding seats. Guide rail pair, abbreviated as guide rail. A pair of guide rails mainly consists of two parts: the part that is fixed and plays a supporting role during operation is called a supporting guide rail (or guide rail); The part that performs linear or rotational motion relative to the supporting guide rail and plays a mechanical guiding role is called a slide. The commonly used types of guide rails include general sliding guide rails, rolling guide rails, fluid medium friction guide rails, etc. Among them, rolling guide rails have a small friction coefficient, so they are sensitive to motion and have high positioning accuracy.

　　滾珠絲杠精度等級(jí)劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是任取長度為 300MM 的一段絲杠，測(cè)量實(shí)際移動(dòng)距離 和理想移動(dòng)距離的偏差，偏差越小，精度越高。按國內(nèi)分類，精度等級(jí)有 P1、P2、P3、 P4、P5、P7、P10；日本、韓國和臺(tái)灣省采用 JS 等級(jí)即 CO、C1、C2、C3、C5、 C7、C10；歐洲采用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是 ITO、IT1、 IT2、 IT3、IT4、IT5、IT7、IT10。通常 情況下，普通機(jī)械采用 C7、C10 級(jí)別絲杠即可滿足加工要求；數(shù)控設(shè)備一般需要 C3、 C5 級(jí)別絲杠，其內(nèi)大部分?jǐn)?shù)控機(jī)床配套 C5 級(jí)絲杠。航空制造設(shè)備、精密投影及三 坐標(biāo)測(cè)量設(shè)備等一般采用 C3、C2 級(jí)別絲杠。直線導(dǎo)軌精度按行走 100mm 的平行度劃分，可分為普通級(jí)（C）、（H）、精密 級(jí)（P）、超精密級(jí)（SP）與超高精密級(jí)（UP）五個(gè)等級(jí)，其中平行度是指將導(dǎo)軌以螺栓 固定在基準(zhǔn)面上，使滑塊在導(dǎo)軌全長上運(yùn)行時(shí)，滑塊與導(dǎo)軌基準(zhǔn)面之間的平行度誤差。

　　The standard for classifying the accuracy level of ball screws is to measure the deviation between the actual movement distance and the ideal movement distance of any screw with a length of 300MM. The smaller the deviation, the higher the accuracy. According to domestic classification, the accuracy level includes P1 P2、P3、 P4、P5、P7、P10； Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, China Province of China adopt JS grade, namely CO C1、C2、C3、C5、 C7、C10； The standards adopted by European countries are ITO IT1、 IT2、 IT3、IT4、IT5、IT7、IT10。 Under normal circumstances, ordinary machinery can meet processing requirements by using C7 and C10 grade lead screws; Numerical control equipment generally requires C3 and C5 grade screws, with most domestic CNC machine tools being equipped with C5 grade screws. Aviation manufacturing equipment, precision projection and coordinate measuring equipment generally use C3 and C2 grade screws. The accuracy of linear guides can be divided into five levels based on a parallelism of 100mm, including ordinary level (C), advanced level (H), precision level (P), ultra precision level (SP), and ultra high precision level (UP). Parallelism refers to the parallelism error between the slider and the guide rail reference plane when the guide rail is bolted to the reference plane and the slider runs along the entire length of the guide rail.

　　從市場空間來看，全球滾珠絲杠市場規(guī)模穩(wěn)健增長，已成為重要的消費(fèi)市場 之一，長期成長空間可觀。根據(jù)公司招股書，2016 -2021 年全球滾珠絲杠市場規(guī)模從 13.1 億美元增長 17.5 億美元；同期我國滾珠絲杠市場規(guī)模從 16.8 億元增長 25.6 億元， CAGR 為 8.8%。已成為滾珠絲杠產(chǎn)品重要的消費(fèi)市場之一，約占全球規(guī)模總量的20%左右。目前沒有權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)導(dǎo)軌銷售規(guī)模情況進(jìn)行追蹤統(tǒng)計(jì)，但導(dǎo)軌與滾珠絲杠常常配套 使用和采購，生產(chǎn)端（主流廠商同時(shí)生產(chǎn)絲杠和導(dǎo)軌）便可基于過去生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐，對(duì)兩者 的市場規(guī)模之比做出合理估計(jì)。根據(jù)我們的草根調(diào)研，滾珠絲杠和導(dǎo)軌的市場規(guī)模之比 約為 1：4，即滾珠絲杠&導(dǎo)軌的整體市場空間可基于滾珠絲杠市場規(guī)模值的五倍進(jìn)行推 算。根據(jù)我們測(cè)算，2021 年全球滾珠絲杠&導(dǎo)軌市場空間約為 87.5 億美元，國內(nèi)滾珠絲 杠&導(dǎo)軌市場空間約為 127.8 億元。

　　From the perspective of market space, the global ball screw market is steadily growing in size, and China has become one of the most important consumer markets with considerable long-term growth potential. According to the company's prospectus, the global ball screw market grew from $1.31 billion to $1.75 billion from 2016 to 2021; During the same period, the market size of ball screws in China increased from 1.68 billion yuan to 2.56 billion yuan, with a CAGR of 8.8%. China has become one of the important consumer markets for ball screw products, accounting for about 20% of the global total. At present, there is no authoritative institution that tracks and statistics the sales scale of guide rails. However, guide rails and ball screws are often used and purchased together, and the production end (mainstream manufacturers produce both screws and guide rails) can make reasonable estimates of the market size ratio of the two based on past production practices. According to our grassroots research, the market size ratio of ball screws to guide rails is about 1:4, which means that the overall market space of ball screws and guide rails can be calculated based on five times the market size value of ball screws. According to our calculations, the global market space for ball screws and guide rails in 2021 is approximately 8.75 billion US dollars, while the domestic market space for ball screws and guide rails is approximately 12.78 billion yuan.

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